The Meaning of Beowulf Displayed Through Archetypes :: Epic of Beowulf Essay

The Meaning of Beowulf Displayed Through Archetypes There are many things in life that we do not have control over. In the majority of everyday life situations, people tend to react a certain way through human instinct. This instinct will portray one to be a wonderfully pleasant or extremely pusillanimous human being. Whether the person is viewed having a good or evil spirit strictly depends on the circumstances. Good vs. evil will always be a controversial subject that will be displayed through story telling, or just ordinary every day life. Archetypes and ways of living have been imbedded in our brains for a extremely long time. Life is a continuous cycle that will remain continuous due to subconscious actions of man kind. The story of Beowulf represents the on going cycle of good vs. evil. This theme is shown through heroic deeds, kinship, and dragon archetypes. Protecting innocent civilians, helping others in need and defeating evil are all clear examples of heroic deeds. Beowulf shows his heroic nature through his actions. Hearing that men were killed by Grendel, he jumps at the chance to save the others so that it won’t happen again. He does not fight with weapons which shows his fearlessness and strength. Beowulf conquers evil by not hesitating to put his life on the line for others in need. These actions are what portray him to be a hero and not just a plain, ordinary man. The two monsters in Beowulf are seemingly out to kill men. They both like in murky, chaotic and unpleasant places representing their dark and gloomy appearances. Grendel represents evil in the story because he hurts and kills men. The innocent victims pled with Grendel to stop killing and eating them. Grendel doesnâ€⠄¢t listen to what they say and he keeps on killing because it is what he enjoys doing it. In the story of Beowulf Grendel is one of the major examples of evil. The other clear example of evil is the Dragon. The Dragon and Grendel both represent death, chaos and darkness (Encyclopedia of Archetypal Symbolism â€Å"Ananda†). Although he is mortally injured, after fighting both of the vicious monsters Beowulf comes out victorious, showing his destruction of evil. In the journey of a hero there are three distinct stages. These stages consist of departure, heroic deed and return. Before the departure one has to have a desire to help others, which displays a strong form of kinship.

Islamic Political Thought Essay

The division of spiritual and temporal in Christianity has taken a long time to be enacted into the political theory of the occidental mind. There is a long history of church rule behind today’s secular political thinking. Which recognizes religion as of no significance in the eye of the state. They have taken the sovereignty from God and put it into the hands of the people. In doing so they have declared collective human conscience as their guide and have rejected all sorts of scriptures of divine nature. This is leading these societies to moral ruin. Approval of homosexuality as a legal practice by the legislatures of some western countries is an indication of the moral collapse that awaits them. Although Islam has no division of spirit and mundane but still does not support theocracy or any other form of autocratic rule. It has taken a middle course, which can best be explained by the word â€Å"autonomous†. Giving the absolute power and responsibility of guidance in the hands of God, Islam lets the, Muslims to exercise unlimited sovereignty within the limits of Quran and Sunnah. Introduction This topic seemingly look very simple and the one which can have a straightforward answer. But actually it required a great insight into the historical and the political perspective of Islamic world at large. This proposition can be tackled at a number of levels. One scheme of addressing this question could be to go to the theological injunctions, that is, to argue from Quran and Hadith. The second approach could be of digging into the history and bringing out the relevant examples. There is yet another way of going through this riddle and that is to examine the evolution of political ideology in the world of Islam and comparing it with the political evolution of the other nations or rest of the world. We may adopt any of the above methodology. But in order to get a better view of things and comprehensive answer to this question. We analyze it at all the three above-mentioned levels. This will certainly render us a better understanding of not only this question but also of many other aspects of related political problems confronting the modern Muslim societies. Before beginning with our discussion it is useful that we first determine what sovereignty is? Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary describes sovereignty as: the highest power or fully independent and self-governing. Similarly Webster’s dictionary gives the following meanings to this word: â€Å"supreme leader or the one who exercise authority in a limited sphere†. Quranic Interpretation As for as simplest mind, which goes through the Quranic text, it cannot ignore the fact that the God, that is Allah, is omnipotent, all powerful and all governing. This is the first and the last impression, which Quran leaves on any mind, no matter how naive it may be. Contrary to many doctrines, Quran declares Allah to be the sole authority on every thing that is present not only in this world but the whole of the universe. Many Quranic verses can be quoted in this context. Blessed is the Lord who holds control over all and is Omnipotent. † (Al-mulk) And again: â€Å"Exalted is the One who controls every thing and to Him you shall resurrect. † (Ya-seen) This makes very cleat that every thing lies with Allah. It flows from thence unto His creatures. Same is the case with authority and sovereignty. Allah has send man on this earth as his vicegerent. Allah has given man sovereignty to reign on this world. As Quran says, â€Å"(remember) When your Lord said to angels that indeed I shall appoint a vicegerent on Earth. † (Al-baqarah) Thus, man rules earth on the behalf of his Lord. Therefore he can exercise sovereignty with in certain limits, prescribed by Allah. Once established that sovereignty is a reign were man has been given access. We find out whether men have been given some right to make decisions for themselves or not. Is a ruler selected by Allah and imposed on men or they are encouraged to exercise their sovereign right by some collective means? Now this is an arguable question. Some section may say that a king or some sort of ruler, imposed on the society by one way or the other, has the right to exercise the sovereignty that Allah has bestowed upon men. And we also find such a precedent in the Quran, from the story of Talloot and Jalloot in sura al-baqarah we come to know that kings were imposed on men without their will and consultation, what so ever. One may cite this example from the Holy book to give weight to his argument. But one thing must be kept in minds of the people that it was the practice of Allah for the people of Israel, usually referred to as Banu-Isreal in the Quran. Who were in a stage of evolution that was to culminate at the advent of the last Prophet Muhammad (P.B. U. H)? For us i. e. the ummah of the last prophet, this rule has changed. And the new scheme under which the sovereignty has to be exercised is given in the following verse: â€Å"And they conduct their affairs with mutual consultation. † (Shura) Thus we see that Quran encourages its followers to adopt a scheme of exercising their sovereignty over themselves by a way, which hinges itself over some system of broader consultation. Of the two views, latter is the one, which seems to be accurate and closer to the rationale thinking. From the above discussion, we have reached a conclusion that Quran does recognize the sovereignty of Muslim citizen in an Islamic state and they have to device such a methodology or system, which makes it convenient for them to achieve broader consultation. Quran, similarly, rejects a single person’s claim to sovereignty and authority. Who so ever becomes a ruler of a muslim state must take the views of the society while making decisions? Now the Quran does not let loose Muslims after giving them right to sovereignty. There are a number of responsibilities that the Quran puts on their shoulders. And Quran, in its own brief but effective manner, puts them as: â€Å"Those to whom we give power, must establish the system of prayers and charity and they ask the people to do good and forbid from doing evil. † Guidance from Sunnah Sunnah i. e. Prophet’s life and actions is the biggest source after the Holy (Quran). There fore, we refer our self to this source. As the Quran says, â€Å"Consult Allah and the Prophet in a matter of discord. † At another place it is mentioned: â€Å"Surely there is the best guidance for you in the life of the prophet. † We see that the early part of the Prophet hood of Prophet Muhammad (P.B. U. H) does not give us any clue of the relation of citizens and state. It is only the latter part of his Prophet hood i. e. Medina period, in which he established a city state that we find some form or structure of a government. Now we can have any debate on the question of citizen’s sovereignty in the eye of Islam basing our investigations on this period of Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H)’s life. It has become convenient, for at the very beginning of Medina period there is a record of a political agreement between all the cross-sections of population of Medina. This political document in itself, otherwise, is a very important and valuable document. It gives an insight into the political situation of the Muslims in particular and Medina and it’s surrounding in general. Coming back to the question we are confronted with. We investigate this document to find if it sheds any light on this particular question. The first clause, which defines the parties to the treaty, adequately addresses the sovereignty of the citizens. 1. This is the treaty between the Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H), Aus and Khazraj (the helpers) and Jews of Medina and its surroundings. . Above-mentioned parties would be one group for the defense of Medina. 3. Every body is independent to practice ones religion. 4. Disputes among Jews would be settled according to their laws. It was an unprecedented treaty in respect of its very liberal approach towards communities of other religions. The point, which is very important for our thesis, is that everybody in Medina was treated as an equal party in this treaty. This was going to be the future constitution of that state for the rest of the life of the Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H). Although the Jews broke this accord and had to pay its price. We do not talk about Jews as is mentioned above that they were left to their own laws. But the Divine laws governed Muslims. Which were revealed to the Prophet (P. B. U. H. ) from time to time. Thus we see that Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) in that state was the sole source of legislation. All the laws came from him. Many people misunderstand this phenomenon and they equate this authority of making laws by the Prophet Muhammad (P. BU. H) (that were revealed) as a precedent for authoritarian government by a single man. No, this approach is essentially flawed and contrary to the practice of the Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H). If we examine his political life and circumstances prevalent at that time more carefully and keenly. Then we get to a conclusion rather different from the misunderstanding that has been indicated above. As we know that Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) was sent to a people who were totally ignorant, had never experienced any form of collective government and, therefore did not have laws and legislations. Further more, Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H)’s, messaged was meant for all times to come. Thus Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) was sent to such a neighborhood where he could construct a model beginning from scratch and having no influence of any previous system whatsoever. Now it was Prophet Muhammad’s (P. B. U. H) job to introduce to them a system of laws and governance based on the divine guidance, and through them he was to demonstrate it to all people for all times to come. Laws were of course revealed and Muslims had and have to obey them as such. But when it comes to governance, we have ample examples to quote; Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) mostly used the method of consultation. And this is what the message is that after the discontinuation of revelation, Muslims have to run their affairs in the light of revealed guidance by mutual consultation. To quote few examples from Prophet Muhammad’s (P. B. U. H) life, in order to support the notion that citizens of an Islamic state do have some rights to exercise sovereignty over themselves, we refer to the following instances from the Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) life: 1. As mentioned previously, in the very beginning of political history of the state of Medina general public i. e. Muslims were made an equal part in the matters of the governance. Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) did not make himself the sole representative of the whole Muslim community. 2. Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) appointed twelve representatives (Naqeebs) among the Ansar to represent them. 3. Before the battle of Badr Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) consulted Muhajreen as well as Ansar. 4. In the battlefield of Badr, the camping place of the army was selected on the advice of Habbad-bin-Munzir. 5. At the time of Uhad , Prophet Muhammad’s (P. B. U. H) own opinion was to fight within the city but the general opinion was to fight outside the city, and that was followed. 6. In the battle of Ahzaab, the strategy of digging a trench for the defense of Medina was again an idea presented by Salman. 7. The method of calling the faithful to the prayer was again a matter sort out by mutual consultation. Hence at end of this chapter we conclude that Prophet Muhammad’s (P. B. U. H) life adequately provides us the evidence that in an Islamic state the power to rule and govern lies with the citizens and not with a single person or family or some creed. Rather it is the right of the people to govern themselves as they please, but of course not violating the Quranic limits set upon them. Those to whom we give power, must establish the system of prayers and charity and they ask the people to do good and forbid from doing evil. † Islamic History and Muslim Scholars We have come out of an academic discussion. Now we shall be analyzing historical events and political realities. As we enter into a new phase of discussion. It will be very useful that we revise and redefine the question we are confronted with. So when we ask this that â€Å"are people sovereign in Islam? † What do we actually mean to imply? What are the other questions, which confront us when we say, â€Å"yes people are sovereign†? Having proved that sole source of power and strength is the Allah Almighty; do we mean to say, that Allah and His angels are physically involved in the governance of a state? Of course not, is the obvious answer. It is the men themselves who shall be arranging for any type of government. After placing theoretically all powers in Allah, when sovereignty is given to citizens it means following things. 1. Any government that is formed will be only due to the consensus of the majority of people. 2. Whenever there is some decision to be made, again it will be referred to people. Whatever a government or the rulers do is accountable to public. 4. As the government or state has functional powers, thus checks and balances on it to safeguard people against any sort of tyranny or exploitation. Now we shall examine different types of governments in Islamic history on the basis of these above points. To begin with, we first analyze first four guided caliphs. Abu Bakr (R. A) was made caliphs and presented him in front of public. His first address is very suitable example. It encompasses almost all the above four points. He said: â€Å"O people! I have been made caliph against my will.

Food And Drug Administration Big Pharmaceutical - 994 Words

Who loves to drink medicine all the times? Many people would want to hate drug companies because those drug companies can insanely make profit off of expensive medicine that people cannot live without today. Big pharmaceutical is a vast bunch of business companies that are motivated to basically make money and product. Majority of this business of drugs and medical devices are manufactured by bringing billions of profits where it leaves their consumers with harmful side effects such as health suffering experiences (Big Pharma Manufacturers, 2016, p.1). Big pharmaceutical is just a well-known influence over the prescriptions drug and medical device markets all around the nation; even in the United State, the industry gives numerous â€Å"annual budget of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Big Pharma Manufacturers, 2016, p.1).† Also, the industry wants to show its power within the political and social great impacts upon the â€Å"nation’s governments and age ncies, its health care systems, its doctors and hospitals, as well as the psyche of the American people (Big Pharma Manufacturers, 2016, p.1).† To tackle this issue, around 1900’s, there were great medical solutions to many illnesses, whereas the big pharmaceutical market became so global in today’s economy (Big Pharma Manufacturers, 2016, p.1). Besides that, the pharmaceuticals are extremely global; it is worth approximately $300 billion a years and expected to increase to $400 billion around the next three yearsShow MoreRelatedShould Drugs Be Safe For Consumption?1688 Words   |  7 Pagesthese medications will benefit your health? How do you know that the drugs are safe for you? Every day, men and women enter hospitals because of a doctor’s appointment or because of an infirmity. Most of them will have prescribed drugs from doctors, but none of them will question of the effectiveness and safety of the pharmaceuticals. There are also many other ways to obtain drugs like through a local drug store, but the drugs are considered to be safe for consumption. This is because the UnitedRead MorePrescription For Disaster By Dr. Gary Null939 Words   |  4 Pagescomplicated ties between the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), pharmaceutical companies, doctors and lobbyist. As a public health student, it is important to be aware of the role all of these huge players have in our personal health. The film allows us to think more critically on weather prevention should be more important than medication. The problem that is depicted in the film is the conflict of interest between the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and pharmaceutical companies. It shows thatRead MoreThe Production Of The Pharmaceutical Industry1569 Words   |  7 Pagesare four processes in a Pharmaceutical industry. It is one of the most booming industries in Canada. This field consists of large number of sub-sectors and different segments that covers all the drug firms, pharmaceuticals companies, biopharmaceutical small and medium sized enterprises (biopharmaceutical SMEs), and contract service providers (CSPs). The first pharmaceutical industry was opened by E.B. Shuttleworth in Toronto in 1879. 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Presented with two basic options, pharmaceutical medicines and herbal medicines, the choice must be made when the situation of illness arrives, which form of medication will be taken? First, the differences between the two types of medicines must be studies and understood by the user. According to the U.S Food and Drug Administration, a drug is defined as, â€Å"A substance (other than food) intended to affectRead MoreMarketing And Advertising For Pharmaceutical Products Essay1677 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopment of innovative drugs and medical procedures deaths caused by diabetes, HIV/AIDS, cancer, and heart disease have significantly decreased. Millions of individuals, each year, avoid ailments such as the flu and chicken pox by receiving preventive vaccinations. With that being said, the length of a given individual’s life has been extended as a result of countless prescription drugs, but the quality has be en â€Å"enhanced† oftentimes unnecessarily, as well. 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It has not always been that was and has progressed greatly throughout the years. although all consumer safety organizations may not be reputable, they do much more good than harm. Consumer safety is something that is extremely important to the American family, and hasRead MoreFood And Drug Act Of 19061565 Words   |  7 PagesEveryday you consume things may it be food, drinks, or prescription drugs. Most people will just absent mindedly intake these products subconsciously knowing that they are monitored by government organizations ensuring your safety. It has not always been that was and has progressed greatly throughout the years. although all consumer safety organizations may not be reputable, they do much more good than harm. Consumer safety is something that is extremely important to the American family, and hasRead MorePharmaceutical Companies Are Entering Into Public Private Partnerships1347 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction The classic example used to describe the capitalistic greed and oppression of the developed world is â€Å"Big Pharma†: pharmaceutical companies apparently commit fraud, cover up their mistakes, and increase prices of their products for maximum profits. This criticism of pharmaceutical companies is sometimes justified, especially in the issue of neglected tropical diseases (NTD). NTDs are a group of diseases that predominantly affect less-economically developed populations but are eliminated

shc 31 1.2 Essay - 1431 Words

Sch 31: Promote communication in health, social care or children’s and young people’s settings. 1.2 Explain how communication affects relationships in the work setting. Communication plays a massive part once building a relationship in the work setting. By regularly keeping effective communication between practioners, parents/careers and children makes a positive working environment. The relationships are mostly based on the type of communication between one another, communication is not just by verbally but also the body language we show, facial expressions and our gestures. Communication with children and young people is very important. When a child is new to the setting you would want them to feel comfortable and safe in your†¦show more content†¦Not only do you talk to them but also the child will response, or even approach you first to communicate; either for a general conversation or to ask a question. All children are different, either it is by the way they’re brought up, their culture, have different beliefs, and in the way they communicate for example; English is an additional language. If you had a child in the nursery who had English as a second language, and knew few words, verbally communicating with this child wouldn’t be the first thing you would do. There are loads of different ways to do this for example; using picture cars with words, not only will this technique help communicate but also help build the childs English vocabulary. Another being demonstrating, for example; in an activity, lets say gluing and sticking, show the child what to do by demonstrating the activity for them to then copy your actions. Communication is very important, not only with the child/ young person but also their parents/ careers. Parents and careers need to be kept updated with everything that happens with their child/children and information that they need to know about the nursery itself. The stronger the relationship between the practioners and the parent/ career the stronger the trust the parents/ careers have with their child/ children in your care. Information should be shared on a day to day basis between the practioner and the parent/ career abpout everything that happens in the nursery.Show MoreRelatedMiss865 Words   |  4 PagesPlease ensure work is referenced correctly, reflect on your own practice with the children as much as possible in order to link knowledge and practice. Check spelling and grammar and ensure that professional language is used throughout. 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The unit introduces the central importance of communication in such settings, and ways to overcome barriers to meet individualRead MoreLevel 3 Health Social Care Diploma(Adults) Essay examples668 Words   |  3 PagesSHC 31 Promote communicate in a health and Social care setting 1.1 . Identify the different reasons why people communicate? The reasons for People communicating are as follows: †¢ to express needs and wishes †¢ to share ideas and information †¢ to reassure †¢ to express feelings and/or concerns †¢ to build relationships and socialise †¢ to ask questions †¢ to share experiences 1.2. Explain how communication affects relationships in the work settingRead MoreLearning and Social Care Essay examples30870 Words   |  124 Pagesmandatory units Pathway units Optional units 12 13 15 16 17 17 19 21 Section 3: Units Unit layout SHC 31: Promote communication in health, social care or children’s and young people’s settings SHC 32: Engage in personal development in health, social care or children’s and young people’s settings SHC 33: Promote equality and inclusion in health, social care or children’s and young people’s settings SHC 34: Principles for implementing duty of care in health, social care or children’s and young people’sRead MoreCashe Level 2 Essay example18123 Words   |  73 PagesEnvironment Requirement Progression Unit Achievement Log Mandatory units Optional units 12 13 15 15 16 17 18 18 20 Section 3: Units Unit layout SHC 21: Introduction to communication in health, social care or children’s and young people’s settings SHC 22: Introduction to personal development in heath, social care or children’s and young people’s settings SHC 23: Introduction to equality and inclusion in health, social care or children’s and young people’s settings TDA 2.1: Child and young person developmentRead MoreChildren and Young People Shc 311838 Words   |  8 PagesLisa Okonkwo CACHE CYPWD Level 3 candidate pin:30196060 SHC 31: Promote communication in health, social care or children’s and young people’s settings 1. Identify the different reasons people communicate. People communicate for a number of different reasons including: †¢ To get to know each other †¢ To share information †¢ To provide someone else with information 2. Explain how communication affects relationships in the work setting. We communicate in a two differentRead MoreLevel 3 Diploma Shc 31 Communication2127 Words   |  9 Pagescommunication. It also considers issues of confidentiality. 1. Purpose †¢ The learner will understand why effective communication is important in the work setting and the learner can: 1.1 Identify the different reasons people communicate 1.2 Explain how communication affects relationships in the work setting. 2. Background Mankind has communicated since the beginning of time, from cave drawings to express feelings, to the advent of paper, the alphabet, the written word, the printing press

Personal Responsibility Rough Draft - 1736 Words

Samuel Cedeno Gen/200 August 27, 2012 Instructor: Jennifer Smith Personal Responsibility Leads to Success Even though a person taking on too many responsibilities can lead to his or her downfall, personal responsibility can lead to success in higher education. Because responsibility is the force that binds an individual to the course of action demanded by the goal, personal responsibility can incur beneficial habits and admirable behaviors that will advocate successful outcome. The state of New York once sought to raise $24 million in donations to give to poor residents as an incentive to stay in school, stay at work, and stay on track (Traub, 2006). I will be revealing some examples, to implement, of personal responsibility and†¦show more content†¦In this case study 554 students divided into teams in accordance with their performance. Equal parts high, average, and low performers. The teams engaged in class time, team discussions, and test, over three semesters with one variance the grading. In semester one, the team received 10 points bonus if the team raised their final grade by one point. In semester one, they made six points for team improvement and four points for individual improvement. In semester three, the students collected 10 points, but only if they accomplished both individual, and group improvement. The group would not collectively receive any points. This study found when high performance students benefited individually they improved, but when only the group benefited their scores suffered. The high performance students used their time reviewing material and helping the low performers understand the material. They lost their own time for review and henceforth their grades suffered. Conclusion In conclusion, Personal responsibility is composed of many tools that will allow an individual or team to succeed. Simply because it is, the force that keeps an individual on course with the end goal, using these tools will enable inherent success. The practice of setting goals can help one to keep focused on the task-a-hand, by knowing what goal a person is working at. Conclusion Combining planning with a time schedule, as I have, increases the effectiveness of bothShow MoreRelatedMy Journey Through Writer’S Composition Has Been A Rocky1213 Words   |  5 Pagesas a writer overall. The essays I have written for this course demonstrate that I have developed critical thinking and have shown minor improvements in my communication skills. They also demonstrate that though I have made some progress in personal responsibility and general writing skills, I still have work to do. From Writer’s Composition Two, I have developed an understanding of persuasive writing, and I now am able to pick a topic or a claim and argue it in classic argument writing. 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Going through past essays, both final drafts and rough drafts, I have come to realize how awful I actually was and how much I have improve. Despite this improvements, I still have distinct mechanical errors I need to keep working on. Nevertheless, my ability to research, and my sense of responsibility have improved as well since this is one of the few classes that demands me to progressively work on assignments duringRead MoreDesigning The Artistic Vision Of The Production1517 Words   |  7 Pagescollaborative process. At this point research is done, whether that be on the era, setting, materials†¦ anything. Using the research and script, and any notes; they would start sketching the very first rough draft. This will most likely be by hand but can also be done digitally but is just a a rough outline. At this point they consider space, scale, and audience space and sight lines as you work. 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Effect Of Annealing Time And Temperature Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(105) " which were found to go forth the surface rich in Cd tended to bring forth barrier highs greater than 0\." introduced to depict the experimental semi log I-V curve informations from the thermionic emanation theory utilizing ideality equation the ideality factor N of the rectifying tube was calculated from the incline of the additive part of the semi log I-V curve. Using equation 3.22, the nothing biased barrier tallness was determined from the impregnation current that was obtained from the intercept of the excess plotted additive part with current axis at V=0. We will write a custom essay sample on Effect Of Annealing Time And Temperature Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Fig. 4.1 the logarithmic dependance of I with forward biased electromotive force is seen to widen over more than five order of magnitude leting ‘n ‘ to be easy deduced from the gradient. Any interfacial oxides layer ensuing from exposure of the semiconducting material surface to the ambiance between growing and metallization would hold the consequence of doing ideality factor a electromotive force dependent parametric quantity instead than a changeless ( Rhoderick and Williams, 1988 ) . The one-dimensionality observed in Fig. 4.1 clearly show that any bing interfacial bed must be undistinguished thickness and value for ‘n ‘ which was deduced from Fig. 4.1 being close to 1 indicated the cross barrier conveyance procedure in preponderantly via thermionic emanation. Harmonizing to Pattabi et Al. ( 2007 ) an ideality factor greater than integrity is by and large attributed to the presence of a bias dependent Schottky barrier tallness. Image forces, burrowing, g eneration-recombination, interface drosss and interfacial oxide bed are possible factors which could take to a higher ideality factor. The ideality factor represents a direct step of interface uniformity. The values for both Ns and are listed in Table 4.1 for junctions at assorted times after formation ( while at room temperature ) and in Table 4.2 for a sample which was subjected to a series of tempering interventions in vacuity at 150C0. In order to analyze the stableness of Au-CdTe contacts, the electrical features of a figure of samples were investigated as map of clip after fiction. Table 4.1 gives the information for one of these samples which was studied over a period of four hebdomads. Immediately after fiction it can be seen in Table 4.1 that the barrier height measured 0.88ev. After one hebdomad there was important decrease in the barrier height to 0.80ev as determined from I-V measurings and after two hebdomads at that place was a farther decrease in the barrier height to 0.68eV. At this phase in order to look into the stableness of the measuring system, these measurings were repeated on the following twenty-four hours and, as the Table 4.1 shows indistinguishable features were observed. This confirmed the dependability of the measuring. Subsequent measuring after three hebdomads and four hebdomads indicated a much more stable behaviour of the contact with the barrier height being mentioned in the part 0.67 – 0.68eV.As it was expected that these procedures could be speeded up by increasing the temperature, a figure of sample were studied after tempering or different lengths of clip at 150C A ; deg ; . Typical sets of I-V consequence are presented in Table 4.2. For this sample ( 228F ) the initial barrier tallness was calculated to be 0.95eV although this is non a dependable value in the position of the initial value of the ideality factor being instead high ( at 1.02 ) . How of all time after the sample was annealed at 150C A ; deg ; for merely ten proceedingss, there was a important betterment in the ideality factor ( to 1.1 ) and a significant decrease in the measured barrier tallness to 0.75eV. It appears from this that the consequence of a brief annealing intervention was similar to go forthing the sample for a hebdomad or two at room temperature. After the sample was annealed for a 2nd clip ( for 15 proceedingss ) there was further but smaller decrease in barrier tallness to 0.68eV and after a 3rd annealing period ( this clip for 20 proceedingss ) there was an even smaller decrease to 0.65eV. This tendency in behaviour due to tempering, with an initial rapid autumn in the barrier height being followed by lower alterations and greater stableness is clearly similar to that observed for sample 228A which remained at room temperature for four hebdomads. It was noted above that this behaviour must be due to chemical reaction or diffusion procedures in the part of the M/S interface. In order to supply farther information on the nature of the procedures involved, a 2nd Au contact was formed to try 228F after it had been annealed ( with its first contact in topographic point ) for a sum of 45 proceedingss are antecedently described. The features of this 2nd contact are included in Table 4.2. It is clear that the initial barrier height 0.66eV for this new contact is closer to the concluding ( station tempering ) value for the original contact instead so to the much higher initial ( brittle ) value. This suggests that the procedures which influence the barrier tallness may be due to some out-diffusion from the inside of the semiconducting material to its surface. Clearly they are non dependent on the presence of the gold bed although some interaction between the Au contact and the implicit in semiconducting material is expected to happen ( Dharmadasa et al. , 1989 ; Van Meirhaeghe et al. , 1991 ) .The consequence of farther tempering for up to 70 proceedingss is rec orded in Table 4.2. Merely little alterations in ideality factor and barrier tallness were observed, bespeaking rather stable behaviour for the new junction similar to that of the original junction after tempering. Although Au is a p-type dopant in CdTe, the informations in table 4.1 and 4.2 indicates that the alterations in interface features are non dependent on the presence of Au during the procedure of tempering. An alternate account is that there is an outward diffusion of Cd ( likewise taking to the coevals of acceptor provinces near-surface part ) .This reading of the consequences is entirely understanding with the decision reached by Dharmadasa et Al. ( 1994 ) on the consequence of chemical etch interventions. Those etchants which were found to go forth the surface rich in Cd tended to bring forth barrier highs greater than 0. You read "Effect Of Annealing Time And Temperature Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples"9 electron volts while those go forthing the surface deficient in Cd produced barrier highs which were ~ 0.2eV lower, as found in the instance of the annealed samples studied in this undertaking. Therefore, it is clear that interface reaction lead to a sign ificant alteration in the defect construction in the locality of the junction but farther work will be necessary to find the exact construction of the defects provinces which might be responsible for Fermi degree traping before and after the reaction and the associated decrease in barrier tallness. 5.2 Effect of ion plating technique In order to compare the consequence for Au contacts formed by ion-assisted manner with contacts produced by the usual vaporization process, a figure of samples were given two contacts ( one of each type ) . Fig. 4.2 gives the features for the normal Au contact and Fig. 4.3 gives the features for the ion-plated contact with 15 unsweet ion-etching clip. As expected, the I-V features in Fig. 4.2 are with ideality factor ‘n ‘ 1.2 and barrier tallness ( ) 0.90eV. As expected, the features in Fig. 4.2 are really similar to those shown in Fig. 4.1. However, for the ion-plated contact with 15 unsweet ion-etching clip there is a drastic alteration in both ideality factor ‘n ‘ and the barrier tallness ( ) was found to be 2.2 and 0.69 electron volts severally from I-V features shown in Fig. 4.3. This consequence suggests that a significant denseness of defects has been created below the Au contacts as a consequence of ion barrage of the surface during the plating procedu re. The presence of defects in the depletion part, moving as recombination centres, leads to an extra forward prejudice current constituent with an ideality factor of about 2 ( Shochley and Read, 1952 ) . However, the alteration in the behavior for the ion plated contact with 20 unsweet ion-etching clip is even more drastic than observed in Fig. 4.3. There is a greater addition in both frontward and change by reversal bias current with a really low barrier tallness of the order of 0.45 electron volt and N was determined to be 4.1 observed from features shown in Fig. 4.3. Fig. 4.4 shows the battier highs as a map of ideality factors for these ion plated Schottky rectifying tubes. As can be seen from Fig. 4.4, there is a additive relationship between the barrier tallness and ideality factor, with the barrier height going smaller as the ideality factor additions. Change in ideality factor indicates that current conveyance mechanisms other than thermionic emanation are present. As this value of N is significantly greater than 2, as would be expected for a bearer recombination mechanism, as discussed earlier, it seems likely that bearer tunneling may besides be playing a function ( Popovic, 1978 ) . These consequences indicate that the possible consequence of plasma-induced surface defects is that they contribute to the conduction of the contact by moving as fast recombination centres ( Ponon, 1985 ) and in add-on to burrowing procedure suggest that this might be a utile manner of farming low opposition ( ohmic ) junction utilizing a lower work map metal. 5.3 Effect of Doping The ideal I-V features of a Schottky rectifying tube exhibits exponential prejudice dependance as in equation 3.21 can be reduced to For V A ; gt ; 3kT/q The magnitude of this impregnation current is governed by the effectual barrier height i.e. the difference between the conductivity set lower limit ( CBM ) at the surface of Au/n-CdTe and the Fermi degree of the metal ( Au ) . The value of the barrier tallness can be calculated from the measured impregnation current utilizing equation 3.22 Deviation from this ideal behavior can be seen on the exponentially determined I-V features for normal, low and to a great extent doped InSb substrate in Figures 4.6, 4.7 and 4.8 severally where important inclines are observed for the current under contrary prejudice. Those divergences are attributed to image force take downing ( IFL ) , recombination phenomena due to the presence of deep traps and the being of high electric field ( Martin, 1981 ) . The ideality factors ‘n ‘ and effectual barrier tallness were calculated from I-V features utilizing equation 3.23 and 3.24. The term effectual reflects the fact that the barrier tallness deduced from I-V measurings is lower than the value that should be obtained under inactive status i.e. without bearer injection, and includes the consequence of the image force take downing. Fig 4.11 shows a comparative position of I-V features for these three doped samples. After rating of I-V features, the values of the effectual barrier tallness and ideality factors for three wafers are shown in Table 4.4. A graph between barrier highs and ideality factors of three doped Au/n-CdTe Schottky rectifying tube is shown in Fig 4.9. A additive relationship between ideality factor and barrier tallness can be seen in Fig. 4.9 which is comparable to Fig.4.4. It has been demonstrated theoretically and by experimentation that the additive relationship between and ‘n ‘ can be attribute d to the sidelong inhomogeneties of the barrier tallness in Schottky rectifying tubes ( Koutsouras et al. , 2005 ) . The presence of traps besides modifies the incline of the forward current and at the same clip the value of the ideality factor, which is higher than integrity for both samples ( low and high doped sample ) . With increasing dopant concentration, the breadth of the depletion part W i.e. given by relation 3.11 i.e. at a given prejudice decreases taking to higher electric Fieldss at the interface. Low barrier or effectual barrier height instead than observed for the to a great extent doped sample ( 549E ) substrate. That is the ground for the higher swill under contrary prejudice for doped samples ( 549F, 549F ) . However, the enhanced recombination rate due to the presence of deep trap degrees besides contributes coevals and recombination consequence and can non be excluded. With heavier doping, increasing figure of new donor-type energy degrees are created underneath the conductivity set border. Under these fortunes, the givers are so near together that the giver degrees are no longer discrete and non-interacting energy degrees. These are instead debauched unifying together to make an dross bond, and doing band-gap narrowing ( BNG ) of the conductivity set. Obviously, the BNG is the highest near M/S interface, and the lowest in the majority. The effectual M/S barrier tallness is therefore reduced, as shown schematically in Fig 5.1. The crisp tip of the conductivity set border in contact with the metal is peculiarly lowered, and the new barrier tallness becomes, where is the Figure 5.1: Conventional diagram demoing the decrease of M/S barrier tallness due to band-gap narrowing. barrier tallness without BNG, and is the barrier tallness with BGN. However, a much more opposition arises from the CdTe/InSb junction. It has been shown that there is a possible barrier at this interface, associated with a conductivity set discontinuity of ~0.31 eV ( Van Welzenis and Ridley, 1984 ) . From a elaborate analysis of I-V features for gold-contacted devices with similar dimensions to those in present survey, effectual opposition value of ~100? have been deduced for the CdTe/InSb junction part ( Sands and Scott, 1995 ) . Harmonizing to the thermionic emanation theory, the contact electric resistance at the M/S contact depends merely on the effectual M/S barrier tallness, as given by ( Sze, 1982 ) ( 5.1 ) Where S is the contact country ; q, K and T are electronic charge, Boltzman invariable and temperature severally and is the Richardson invariable ( with a value of ~ 1.2 -105 Am-2T-2 for CdTe ) . is the opposition associated with the forepart metal/CdTe junction. Assuming RC A ; lt ; 10? so ?C A ; lt ; 0.1?cm2 and the corresponding upper bound for effectual barrier tallness is 0.38 electron volt. This is consistency with surveies of Al contacts on cleen vacuity cleaved surfaces of CdTe which yielded barrier highs of ~ 0.1 electron volt ( Patterson et al. , 1986 ) . About all the old probe emphasized tunneling as the primary mechanism for low contact electric resistance in n-CdTe. The present survey dose non govern out the importance of burrowing in making low contact electric resistance. However, it demonstrates that, depending on how much is lower than, thermionic emanation, instead than burrowing, may so be the primary cause for low contact electric resistance even in the tunnel contacts. If the surface intervention is really good, and the metal parametric quantity ( e.g. , metal thickness, metal deposition temperature, metal work map, metal combination, etc. ) are optimal, so may be significantly lower than. This, together with BGN and IFL can so play a important function for giving thermionic emanation based low contact electric resistance. 5.4 Decisions The undermentioned decisions can be reached from the surveies on the effects of tempering clip and temperature, ion plated technique and doping in scope of 2.5-1016-1-1019 cm?3 on I-V features of the Au/n-CdTe Schottky rectifying tubes. From Comparative survey of ion plated and doped samples of Au/n-CdTe Schottky rectifying tube, a additive relationship between the effectual barrier highs and ideality factors was found which shows that barrier tallness lessenings as ideality factor additions. As a consequence conduction additions. From which it can be concluded that: When n = 1 so all conveyance of negatron is from the top of the barrier and thermionic emanation current mechanism should be dominant. When 1 A ; lt ; n A ; lt ; 2, so burrowing current mechanism is dominant. When n = 2, so all conveyance is due to coevals and recombination current. When N A ; gt ; 4 so there is non simple burrowing but step degree burrowing occurred. Gold contact formed to n-CdTe by vacuity vaporization output Schottky barriers with initial barrier tallness In surplus of 0.88eV. This reduced to 0.66-0.68 electron volt in a period of clip which is dependent on temperature. This decrease is found to be accompanied by a partial compensation of the sickly givers in the semiconducting material part near to the contact, a procedure which can be attributed to a discriminatory out diffusion of Cadmium from this part to the contact surface. It has been shown that the usage of simple vapour deposition on Au on n-type CdTe epilayers gave rectifying behavior with barrier tallness 0.9eV. A drastic alteration in barrier tallness was observed by the usage of ion-assisted plasma procedure, an ion etching clip of 20 sec to Au contact. This decrease in barrier tallness is attributed to the plasma- induced surface defects that contribute to the high conduction of the contact by moving as recombination centres along with multi measure degree burrowing centres. Consequence of doping in Au/n-CdTe Schottky rectifying tube shows that if n-CdTe is to a great extent doped with important conductivity set flexing near M/S interface, burrowing is possible through metal/CdTe contact. The semiconducting material part at the interface therefore becomes really thin leting an unhampered flow of negatrons via burrowing. But existent challenge to accomplishing low resistively contact by utilizing reasonably doped semiconducting materials. Many devices do so necessitate low electric resistance contacts without the load of heavy doping ( Noor Mohammad, 2004 ) Consequence of doping on I-V features of Au/n-CdTe shows that barrier breadth ( tungsten ) decreases with the increasing doping denseness in conformity with ( Eq.3.11 ) . The chief decision to be drawn from the comparative survey of I-V features of Au/n-CdTe Schottky rectifying tube, formed by the ion-plating procedure and doping consequence, leads to a much reduced contact opposition suggest that this might be a utile manner of farming stable and low opposition ( ohmic ) junction utilizing a lower work map metal ( e.g. , Al etc. ) suitable for thin movie MBE grown devices. How to cite Effect Of Annealing Time And Temperature Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Shake it off by Taylor Swift free essay sample

Probably the coolest beat of 2014 was the lead single Shake it off by Taylor Swift, from her album 1989. And still is! You have to admit it; you can dance to it, sing along with it, play it at parties, relate to it and enjoy it in every possible situation. And the beat just makes you want to dance to it and cheers you up, no matter how sad you are. The song was written by Taylor herself, Max Martin and Shellback, and produced by the latter, under the label Big Machine. It premiered during a Yahoo! Live Stream, and the music video had been released on the same day; 18th August, 2014. The message behind the song can easily be understood: its okay to not fit in. The message in the song is a problem I think we all deal with, an issue we deal with on a daily basis. We dont live just in a celebrity take-down culture, we live in a take-down culture, says Taylor, â€Å"People will find anything about you and twist it to where its weird and wrong or annoying or strange or bad. We will write a custom essay sample on Shake it off by Taylor Swift or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You have to not only live your life in spite of people who dont understand you, you have to have more fun than they do. So, Taylor learnt to laugh it off, to make a joke out of all the hate and simply shake it off. She mentions in her interview for The Rolling Stone, Ive had every part of my life dissected—my choices, my actions, my words, my body, my style, my music. When you live your life under that kind of scrutiny, you can either let it break you, or you can get really good at dodging punches. And when one lands, you know how to deal with it. And I guess the way that I deal with it is to shake it off. Taylor wrote a similar song in 2010, called Mean, addressing her bullies and detractors, under the category of haters, but from a more victimized perspective as Taylor mentions. But in the last few years Ive gotten better at just kind of laughing off things that absolutely have no bearing on my real life. I think its important to be self-aware about what people are saying a bout you, but even more so, be very aware of who you actually are, and to have that be the main priority. The music video only adds more emphasis and deeper meaning to her message. The catchy and poppy song is played while Taylor dances among different groups of professional dancers. Taylor definitely did pop out from the dancers. There is ballet, hip hop, modern dancing, finger tutting, ribbon dancing, even twerking. Taylors dance was mixed up, which makes the message clearer. In the end, she dances with a group of fans, who she says are the ones she fits in with. The song has been Number One on Billboard and iTunes, and nominated for Favorite Song in the Peoples Choice Awards 2015, and for Record of the Year, Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance for the Grammy Awards 2015. It produced first week digital sales of 544,000 units for the chart issue dated September 6, 2014, the largest debut sales week for a single of 2014. Shake it off is a great song. All the success Taylor is getting for it is only inevitable.